From the local network you’re probably using to read this article to the entirety of the internet, you’re surrounded by computer networks wherever you go.

A computer network connects at least two computer systems using a medium. Sharing the same connection protocols, the computers within such networks can communicate with each other and exchange data, resources, and applications.

In an increasingly technological world, several types of computer network have become the thread that binds modern society. They differ in size (geographic area or the number of computers), purpose, and connection modes (wired or wireless). But they all have one thing in common: they’ve fueled the communication revolution worldwide.

This article will explore the intricacies of these different network types, delving into their features, advantages, and disadvantages.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network (LAN) is a widely used computer network type that covers the smallest geographical area (a few miles) among the three main types of computer network (LAN, MAN, and WAN).

A LAN usually relies on wired connections since they are faster than their wireless counterparts. With a LAN, you don’t have to worry about external regulatory oversight. A LAN is a privately owned network.

Looking into the infrastructure of a LAN, you’ll typically find several devices (switches, routers, adapters, etc.), many network cables (Ethernet, fiber optic, etc.), and specific internet protocols (Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, etc.).

As with all types of computer network, a LAN has its fair share of advantages and disadvantages.

Users who opt for a LAN usually do so due to the following reasons:

• Setting up and managing a LAN is easy.
• A LAN provides fast data and message transfer.
• Even inexpensive hardware (hard disks, DVD-ROMs, etc.) can share a LAN.
• A LAN is more secure and offers increased fault tolerance than a WAN.
• All LAN users can share a single internet connection.

As for the drawbacks, these are some of the more concerning ones:

• A LAN is highly limited in geographical coverage. (Any growth requires costly infrastructure upgrades.)
• As more users connect to the network, it might get congested.
• A LAN doesn’t offer a high degree of privacy. (The admin can see the data files of each user.)

Regardless of these disadvantages, many people worldwide use a LAN. In computer networks, no other type is as prevalent. Look at virtually any home, office building, school, laboratory, hospital, and similar facilities, and you’ll probably spot a LAN.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Do you want to experience a Wide Area Network (WAN) firsthand? Since you’re reading this article, you’ve already done so. That’s right. The internet is one of the biggest WANs in the world.

So, it goes without saying that a WAN is a computer network that spans a large geographical area. Of course, the internet is an outstanding example; most WANs are confined within the borders of a country or even limited to an enterprise.

Considering that a WAN needs to cover a considerable distance, it isn’t surprising it relies on connections like satellite links to transmit the data. Other components of a WAN include standard network devices (routers, modems, etc.) and network protocols (TCP/IP, MPLS, etc.).

The ability of a WAN to cover a large geographical area is one of its most significant advantages. But it’s certainly not the only one.

• A WAN offers remote access to shared software and other resources.
• Numerous users and applications can use a WAN simultaneously.
• A WAN facilitates easy communication between computers within the same network.
• With WAN, all data is centralized (no need to purchase separate backup servers, emails, etc.).

Of course, as with other types of computer network, there are some disadvantages to note.

• Setting up and maintaining a WAN is costly and challenging.
• Due to the higher distance, there can be some issues with the slower data transfer and delays.
• The use of multiple technologies can create security issues for the network. (A firewall, antivirus software, and other preventative security measures are a must.)

By now, you probably won’t be surprised that the most common uses of a WAN are dictated by its impressive size.

You’ll typically find WANs connecting multiple LANs, branches of the same institution (government, business, finance, education, etc.), and the residents of a city or a country (public networks, mobile broadband, fiber internet services, etc.).

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) interconnects different LANs to cover a larger geographical area (usually a town or a city). To put this into perspective, a MAN covers more than a LAN but less than a WAN.

A MAN offers high-speed connectivity and mainly relies on optical fibers. “Moderate” is the word that best describes a MAN’s data transfer rate and propagation delay.

You’ll need standard network devices like routers and switches to establish this network. As for transmission media, a MAN primarily relies on fiber optic cables and microwave links. The last component to consider is network protocols, which are also pretty standard (TCP/IP, Ethernet, etc.)

There are several reasons why internet users opt for a MAN in computer networks:

• A MAN can be used as an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
• Through a MAN, you can gain greater access to WANs.
• A dual connectivity bus allows simultaneous data transfer both ways.

Unfortunately, this network type isn’t without its flaws.

• A MAN can be expensive to set up and maintain. (For instance, it requires numerous cables.)
• The more users use a MAN, the more congestion and performance issues can ensue.
• Ensuring cybersecurity on this network is no easy task.

Despite these disadvantages, many government agencies fully trust MANs to connect to the citizens and private industries. The same goes for public services like high-speed DSL lines and cable TV networks within a city.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

The name of this network type will probably hint at how this network operates right away. In other words, a Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network centered around a single person. As such, it typically connects a person’s personal devices (computer, mobile phone, tablet, etc.) to the internet or a digital network.

With such focused use, geographical limits shouldn’t be surprising. A PAN covers only about 33 feet of area. To expand the reach of this low-range network, users employ wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.)

With these network connections and the personal devices that use the network out of the way, the only remaining components of a PAN are the network protocols it uses (TCP/IP, Bluetooth, etc.).

Users create these handy networks primarily due to their convenience. Easy setup, straightforward communications, no wires or cables … what’s not to like? Throw energy efficiency into the mix, and you’ll understand the appeal of PANs.

Of course, something as quick and easy as a PAN doesn’t go hand in hand with large-scale data transfers. Considering the limited coverage area and bandwidth, you can bid farewell to high-speed communication and handling large amounts of data.

Then again, look at the most common uses of PANs, and you’ll see that these are hardly needed. PANs come in handy for connecting personal devices, establishing an offline network at home, and connecting devices (cameras, locks, speakers, etc.) within a smart home setup.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

You’ll notice only one letter difference between WLAN and LAN. This means that this network operates similarly to a LAN, but the “W” indicates that it does so wirelessly. It extends the LAN’s reach, making a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) ideal for users who hate dealing with cables yet want a speedy and reliable network.

A WLAN owes its seamless operation to network connections like radio frequency and Wi-Fi. Other components that you should know about include network devices (wireless routers, access points, etc.) and network protocols (TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, etc.).

Flexible. Reliable. Robust. Mobile. Simple. Those are just some adjectives that accurately describe WLANs and make them such an appealing network type.

Of course, there are also a few disadvantages to note, especially when comparing WLANs to LANs.

WLANs offer less capacity, security, and quality than their wired counterparts. They’re also more expensive to install and vulnerable to various interferences (physical objects obstructing the signal, other WLAN networks, electronic devices, etc.).

Like LANs, you will likely see WLANs in households, office buildings, schools, and similar locations.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

If you’re an avid internet user, you’ve probably encountered this scenario: you want to use public Wi-Fi but fear the consequences and stream specific content. Or this one may be familiar: you want to use apps, but they’re unavailable in your country. The solution for both cases is a VPN.

A Virtual Private Network, or VPN for short, uses tunneling protocols to create a private network over a less secure public network. You’ll probably have to pay to access a premium virtual connection, but this investment is well worth it.

A VPN provider typically offers servers worldwide, each a valuable component of a VPN. Besides the encrypted tunneling protocols, some VPNs use the internet itself to establish a private connection. As for network protocols, you’ll mostly see TCP/IP, SSL, and similar types.

The importance of security and privacy on the internet can’t be understated. So, a VPN’s ability to offer you these is undoubtedly its biggest advantage. Users are also fond of VPNs for unlocking geo-blocked content and eliminating pesky targeted ads.

Following in the footsteps of other types of computer network, a VPN also has a few notable flaws. Not all devices will support this network. Even when they do, privacy and security aren’t 100% guaranteed. Just think of how fast new cybersecurity threats emerge, and you’ll understand why.

Of course, these downsides don’t prevent numerous users from reaching for VPNs to secure remote access to the internet or gain access to apps hosted on proprietary networks. Users also use these networks to bypass censorship in their country or browse the internet anonymously.

Connecting Beyond Boundaries

Whether running a global corporation or wanting to connect your smartphone to the internet, there’s a perfect network among the above-mentioned types of computer network. Understanding the unique features of each network and their specific advantages and disadvantages will help you make the right choice and enjoy seamless connections wherever you are. Compare the facts from this guide to your specific needs, and you’ll pick the perfect network every time.

Algorithms are the essence of data mining and machine learning – the two processes 60% of organizations utilize to streamline their operations. Businesses can choose from several algorithms to polish their workflows, but the decision tree algorithm might be the most common.

This algorithm is all about simplicity. It branches out in multiple directions, just like trees, and determines whether something is true or false. In turn, data scientists and machine learning professionals can further dissect the data and help key stakeholders answer various questions.

This only scratches the surface of this algorithm – but it’s time to delve deeper into the concept. Let’s take a closer look at the decision tree machine learning algorithm, its components, types, and applications.

What Is Decision Tree Machine Learning?

The decision tree algorithm in data mining and machine learning may sound relatively simple due to its similarities with standard trees. But like with conventional trees, which consist of leaves, branches, roots, and many other elements, there’s a lot to uncover with this algorithm. We’ll start by defining this concept and listing the main components.

Definition of Decision Tree

If you’re a college student, you learn in two ways – supervised and unsupervised. The same division can be found in algorithms, and the decision tree belongs to the former category. It’s a supervised algorithm you can use to regress or classify data. It relies on training data to predict values or outcomes.

Components of Decision Tree

What’s the first thing you notice when you look at a tree? If you’re like most people, it’s probably the leaves and branches.

The decision tree algorithm has the same elements. Add nodes to the equation, and you have the entire structure of this algorithm right in front of you.

• Nodes – There are several types of nodes in decision trees. The root node is the parent of all nodes, which represents the overriding message. Chance nodes tell you the probability of a certain outcome, whereas decision nodes determine the decisions you should make.
• Branches – Branches connect nodes. Like rivers flowing between two cities, they show your data flow from questions to answers.
• Leaves – Leaves are also known as end nodes. These elements indicate the outcome of your algorithm. No more nodes can spring out of these nodes. They are the cornerstone of effective decision-making.

Types of Decision Trees

When you go to a park, you may notice various tree species: birch, pine, oak, and acacia. By the same token, there are multiple types of decision tree algorithms:

• Classification Trees – These decision trees map observations about particular data by classifying them into smaller groups. The chunks allow machine learning specialists to predict certain values.
• Regression Trees – According to IBM, regression decision trees can help anticipate events by looking at input variables.

Decision Tree Algorithm in Data Mining

Knowing the definition, types, and components of decision trees is useful, but it doesn’t give you a complete picture of this concept. So, buckle your seatbelt and get ready for an in-depth overview of this algorithm.

Overview of Decision Tree Algorithms

Just as there are hierarchies in your family or business, there are hierarchies in any decision tree in data mining. Top-down arrangements start with a problem you need to solve and break it down into smaller chunks until you reach a solution. Bottom-up alternatives sort of wing it – they enable data to flow with some supervision and guide the user to results.

Popular Decision Tree Algorithms

• ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) – Developed by Ross Quinlan, the ID3 is a versatile algorithm that can solve a multitude of issues. It’s a greedy algorithm (yes, it’s OK to be greedy sometimes), meaning it selects attributes that maximize information output.
• 5 – This is another algorithm created by Ross Quinlan. It generates outcomes according to previously provided data samples. The best thing about this algorithm is that it works great with incomplete information.
• CART (Classification and Regression Trees) – This algorithm drills down on predictions. It describes how you can predict target values based on other, related information.
• CHAID (Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection) – If you want to check out how your variables interact with one another, you can use this algorithm. CHAID determines how variables mingle and explain particular outcomes.

Key Concepts in Decision Tree Algorithms

No discussion about decision tree algorithms is complete without looking at the most significant concept from this area:

Entropy

As previously mentioned, decision trees are like trees in many ways. Conventional trees branch out in random directions. Decision trees share this randomness, which is where entropy comes in.

Entropy tells you the degree of randomness (or surprise) of the information in your decision tree.

Information Gain

A decision tree isn’t the same before and after splitting a root node into other nodes. You can use information gain to determine how much it’s changed. This metric indicates how much your data has improved since your last split. It tells you what to do next to make better decisions.

Gini Index

Mistakes can happen, even in the most carefully designed decision tree algorithms. However, you might be able to prevent errors if you calculate their probability.

Enter the Gini index (Gini impurity). It establishes the likelihood of misclassifying an instance when choosing it randomly.

Pruning

You don’t need every branch on your apple or pear tree to get a great yield. Likewise, not all data is necessary for a decision tree algorithm. Pruning is a compression technique that allows you to get rid of this redundant information that keeps you from classifying useful data.

Building a Decision Tree in Data Mining

Growing a tree is straightforward – you plant a seed and water it until it is fully formed. Creating a decision tree is simpler than some other algorithms, but quite a few steps are involved nevertheless.

Data Preparation

Data preparation might be the most important step in creating a decision tree. It’s comprised of three critical operations:

Data Cleaning

Data cleaning is the process of removing unwanted or unnecessary information from your decision trees. It’s similar to pruning, but unlike pruning, it’s essential to the performance of your algorithm. It’s also comprised of several steps, such as normalization, standardization, and imputation.

Feature Selection

Time is money, which especially applies to decision trees. That’s why you need to incorporate feature selection into your building process. It boils down to choosing only those features that are relevant to your data set, depending on the original issue.

Data Splitting

The procedure of splitting your tree nodes into sub-nodes is known as data splitting. Once you split data, you get two data points. One evaluates your information, while the other trains it, which brings us to the next step.

Training the Decision Tree

Now it’s time to train your decision tree. In other words, you need to teach your model how to make predictions by selecting an algorithm, setting parameters, and fitting your model.

Selecting the Best Algorithm

There’s no one-size-fits-all solution when designing decision trees. Users select an algorithm that works best for their application. For example, the Random Forest algorithm is the go-to choice for many companies because it can combine multiple decision trees.

Setting Parameters

How far your tree goes is just one of the parameters you need to set. You also need to choose between entropy and Gini values, set the number of samples when splitting nodes, establish your randomness, and adjust many other aspects.

Fitting the Model

If you’ve fitted your model properly, your data will be more accurate. The outcomes need to match the labeled data closely (but not too close to avoid overfitting) if you want relevant insights to improve your decision-making.

Evaluating the Decision Tree

Don’t put your feet up just yet. Your decision tree might be up and running, but how well does it perform? There are two ways to answer this question: cross-validation and performance metrics.

Cross-Validation

Cross-validation is one of the most common ways of gauging the efficacy of your decision trees. It compares your model to training data, allowing you to determine how well your system generalizes.

Performance Metrics

Several metrics can be used to assess the performance of your decision trees:

Accuracy

This is the proximity of your measurements to the requested values. If your model is accurate, it matches the values established in the training data.

Precision

By contrast, precision tells you how close your output values are to each other. In other words, it shows you how harmonized individual values are.

Recall

Recall is the number of data samples in the desired class. This class is also known as the positive class. Naturally, you want your recall to be as high as possible.

F1 Score

F1 score is the median value of your precision and recall. Most professionals consider an F1 of over 0.9 a very good score. Scores between 0.8 and 0.5 are OK, but anything less than 0.5 is bad. If you get a poor score, it means your data sets are imprecise and imbalanced.

Visualizing the Decision Tree

The final step is to visualize your decision tree. In this stage, you shed light on your findings and make them digestible for non-technical team members using charts or other common methods.

Applications of Decision Tree Machine Learning in Data Mining

The interest in machine learning is on the rise. One of the reasons is that you can apply decision trees in virtually any field:

• Customer Segmentation – Decision trees let you divide customers according to age, gender, or other factors.
• Fraud Detection – Decision trees can easily find fraudulent transactions.
• Medical Diagnosis – This algorithm allows you to classify conditions and other medical data with ease using decision trees.
• Risk Assessment – You can use the system to figure out how much money you stand to lose if you pursue a certain path.
• Recommender Systems – Decision trees help customers find their next product through classification.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Decision Tree Machine Learning

Advantages:

• Easy to Understand and Interpret – Decision trees make decisions almost in the same manner as humans.
• Handles Both Numerical and Categorical Data – The ability to handle different types of data makes them highly versatile.
• Requires Minimal Data Preprocessing – Preparing data for your algorithms doesn’t take much.

Disadvantages:

• Prone to Overfitting – Decision trees often fail to generalize.
• Sensitive to Small Changes in Data – Changing one data point can wreak havoc on the rest of the algorithm.
• May Not Work Well with Large Datasets – Naïve Bayes and some other algorithms outperform decision trees when it comes to large datasets.

Possibilities are Endless With Decision Trees

The decision tree machine learning algorithm is a simple yet powerful algorithm for classifying or regressing data. The convenient structure is perfect for decision-making, as it organizes information in an accessible format. As such, it’s ideal for making data-driven decisions.

If you want to learn more about this fascinating topic, don’t stop your exploration here. Decision tree courses and other resources can bring you one step closer to applying decision trees to your work.

Think for a second about employees in diamond mines. Their job can often seem like trying to find a needle in a haystack. But once they find what they’re looking for, the feeling of accomplishment is overwhelming.

The situation is similar with data mining. Granted, you’re not on the hunt for diamonds (although that wouldn’t be so bad). The concept’s name may suggest otherwise, but data mining isn’t about extracting data. What you’re mining are patterns; you analyze datasets and try to see whether there’s a trend.

Data mining doesn’t involve you reading thousands of pages. This process is automatic (or at least semi-automatic). The patterns discovered with data mining are often seen as input data, meaning it’s used for further analysis and research. Data mining has become a vital part of machine learning and artificial intelligence as a whole. If you think this is too abstract and complex, you should know that data mining has found its purpose for every company. Investigating trends, prices, sales, and customer behavior is important for any business that sells products or services.

In this article, we’ll cover different data mining techniques and explain the entire process in more detail.

Data Mining Techniques

Here are the most popular data mining techniques.

Classification

As you can assume, this technique classifies something (datasets). Through classification, you can organize vast datasets into clear categories and turn them into classifiers (models) for further analysis.

Clustering

In this case, data is divided into clusters according to a certain criterion. Each cluster should contain similar data points that differ from data points in other clusters.

If we look at clustering from the perspective of artificial intelligence, we say it’s an unsupervised algorithm. This means that human involvement isn’t necessary for the algorithm to discover common features and group data points according to them.

Association Rule Learning

This technique discovers interesting connections and associations in large datasets. It’s pretty common in sales, where companies use it to explore customers’ behaviors and relationships between different products.

Regression

This technique is based on the principle that the past can help you understand the future. It explores patterns in past data to make assumptions about the future and make new observations.

Anomaly Detection

This is pretty self-explanatory. Here, datasets are analyzed to identify “ugly ducklings,” i.e., unusual patterns or patterns that deviate from the standard.

Sequential Pattern Mining

With this technique, you’re also on the hunt for patterns. The “sequential” indicates that you’re analyzing data where the values are in a sequence.

Text Mining

Text mining involves analyzing unstructured text, turning it into a structured format, and checking for patterns.

Sentiment Analysis

This data mining technique is also called opinion mining, and it’s very different from the methods discussed above. This complex technique involves natural language processing, linguistics, and speech analysis and wants to discover the emotional tone in a text.

Data Mining Process

Regardless of the technique you’re using, the data process consists of several stages that ensure accuracy, efficiency, and reliability.

Data Collection

As mentioned, data mining isn’t actually about identifying data but about exploring patterns within the data. To do that, you obviously need a dataset you want to analyze. The data needs to be relevant, otherwise you won’t get accurate results.

Data Preprocessing

Whether you’re analyzing a small or large dataset, the data within it could be in different formats or have inconsistencies or errors. If you want to analyze it properly, you need to ensure the data is uniform and organized, meaning you need to preprocess it.

This stage involves several processes:

• Data cleaning
• Data transformation
• Data reduction

Once you complete them, your data will be prepared for analysis.

Data Analysis

You’ve come to the “main” part of the data mining process, which consists of two elements:

• Model building
• Model evaluation

Model building represents determining the most efficient ways to analyze the data and identify patterns. Think of it this way: you’re asking questions, and the model should be able to provide the correct answers.

The next step is model evaluation, where you’ll step back and think about the model. Is it the right fit for your data, and does it meet your criteria?

Interpretation and Visualization

The journey doesn’t end after the analysis. Now it’s time to review the results and come to relevant conclusions. You’ll also need to present these conclusions in the best way possible, especially if you conducted the analysis for someone else. You want to ensure that the end-user understands what was done and what was discovered in the process.

Deployment and Integration

You’ve conducted the analysis, interpreted the results, and now you understand what needs to be changed. You’ll use the knowledge you’ve gained to elicit changes.

For example, you’ve analyzed your customers’ behaviors to understand why the sales of a specific product dropped. The results showed that people under the age of 30 don’t buy it as often as they used to. Now, you face two choices: You can either advertise the product and focus on the particular age group or attract even more people over the age of 30 if that makes more sense.

Applications of Data Mining

The concept of data mining may sound too abstract. However, it’s all around us. The process has proven invaluable in many spheres, from sales to healthcare and finance.

Here are the most common applications of data mining.

Customer Relationship Management

Your customers are the most important part of your business. After all, if it weren’t for them, your company wouldn’t have anyone to sell the products/services to. Yes, the quality of your products is one way to attract and keep your customers. But quality won’t be enough if you don’t value your customers.

Whether they’re buying a product for the first or the 100th time, your customers want to know you want to keep them. Some ways to do so are discounts, sales, and loyalty programs. Coming up with the best strategy can be challenging to say the least, especially if you have many customers belonging to different age groups, gender, and spending habits. With data mining, you can group your customers according to specific criteria and offer them deals that suit them perfectly.

Fraud Detection

In this case, you analyze data not to find patterns but to find something that stands out. This is what banks do to ensure no unwanted guests are accessing your account. But you can also see this fraud detection in the business world. Many companies use it to identify and remove fake accounts.

Market Basket Analysis

With data mining, you can get answers to an important question: “Which items are often bought together?” If this is on your mind, data mining can help. You can perform the association technique to discover the patterns (for example, milk and cereal) and use this valuable intel to offer your customers top-notch recommendations.

Healthcare and Medical Research

The healthcare industry has benefited immensely from data mining. The process is used to improve decision-making, generate conclusions, and check whether a treatment is working. Thanks to data mining, diagnoses have become more precise, and patients get more quality services.

As medical research and drug testing are large parts of moving the entire industry forward, data mining found its role here, too. It’s used to keep track of and reduce the risk of side effects of different medications and assist in administration.

Social Media Analysis

This is definitely one of the most lucrative applications. Social media platforms rely on it to pick up more information about their users to offer them relevant content. Thanks to this, people who use the same network will often see completely different posts. Let’s say you love dogs and often watch videos about them. The social network you’re on will recognize this and offer you even more dog videos. If you’re a cat person and avoid dog videos at all costs, the algorithm will “understand” this and offer you more videos starring cats.

Finance and Banking

Data mining analyzes markets to discover hidden patterns and make accurate predictions. The process is also used to check a company’s health and see what can be improved.

In banking, data mining is used to detect unusual transactions and prevent unauthorized access and theft. It can analyze clients and determine whether they’re suitable for loans (whether they can pay them back).

Challenges and Ethical Considerations of Data Mining

While it has many benefits, data mining faces different challenges:

• Privacy concerns – During the data mining process, sensitive and private information about users can come to light, thus jeopardizing their privacy.
• Data security – The world’s hungry for knowledge, and more and more data is getting collected and analyzed. There’s always a risk of data breaches that could affect millions of people worldwide.
• Bias and discrimination – Like humans, algorithms can be biased, but only if the sample data leads them toward such behavior. You can prevent this with precise data collection and preprocessing.
• Legal and regulatory compliance – Data mining needs to be conducted according to the letter of the law. If that’s not the case, the users’ privacy and your company’s reputation are at stake.

Track Trends With Data Mining

If you feel lost and have no idea what your next step should be, data mining can be your life support. With it, you can make informed decisions that will drive your company forward.

Considering its benefits, data mining will continue to be an invaluable tool in many niches.

When you’re faced with a task, you often wish you had the help of a friend. As they say, two heads are better than one, and collaboration can be the key to solving a problem or overcoming a challenge. With computer networks, we can say two nodes are better than one. These unique environments consist of at least two interconnected nodes that share and exchange data and resources, for which they use specific rules called “communications protocols.” Every node has its position within the network and a name and address to identify it.

The possibilities of computer networks are difficult to grasp. They make transferring files and communicating with others on the same network a breeze. The networks also boost storage capacity and provide you with more leeway to meet your goals.

One node can be powerful, but a computer network with several nodes can be like a super-computer capable of completing challenging tasks in record times.

In this introduction to computer networks, we’ll discuss the different types in detail. We’ll also tackle their applications and components and talk more about network topologies, protocols, and security.

Components of a Computer Network

Let’s start with computer network basics. A computer network is comprised of components that it can’t function without. These components can be divided into hardware and software. The easiest way to remember the difference between the two is to know that software is something “invisible,” i.e., stored inside a device. Hardware components are physical objects we can touch.

Hardware Components

• Network interface cards (NICs) – This is the magic part that connects a computer to a network or another computer. There are wired and wireless NICs. Wired NICs are inside the motherboard and connect to cables to transfer data, while wireless NICs have an antenna that connects to a network.
• Switches – A switch is a type of mediator. It’s the component that connects several devices to a network. This is what you’ll use to send a direct message to a specific device instead of the entire network.
• Routers – This is the device that uses an internet connection to connect to a local area network (LAN). It’s like a traffic officer who controls and directs data packets to networks.
• Hubs – This handy component divides a network connection into multiple computers. This is the distribution center that receives information requests from a computer and places the information to the entire network.
• Cables and connectors – Different types of cables and connectors are required to keep the network operating.

Software Components

• Network operating system (NOS) – A NOS is usually installed on the server. It creates an adequate environment for sharing and transmitting files, applications, and databases between computers.
• Network protocols – Computers interpret network protocols as guidelines for data communication.
• Network services – They serve as bridges that connect users to the apps or data on a specific network.

Types of Computer Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

This is a small, limited-capacity network you’ll typically see in small companies, schools, labs, or homes. LANs can also be used as test networks for troubleshooting or modeling.

The main advantage of a local area network is convenience. Besides being easy to set up, a LAN is affordable and offers decent speed. The obvious drawback is its limited size.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

In many aspects, a WAN is similar to a LAN. The crucial difference is the size. As its name indicates, a WAN can cover a large space and can “accept” more users. If you have a large company and want to connect your in-office and remote employees, data centers, and suppliers, you need a WAN.

These networks cover huge areas and stretch across the globe. We can say that the internet is a type of a WAN, which gives you a good idea of how much space it covers.

The bigger size comes at a cost. Wide area networks are more complex to set up and manage and cost more money to operate.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan area network is just like a local area network but on a much bigger scale. This network covers entire cities. A MAN is the golden middle; it’s bigger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. Cable TV networks are the perfect representatives of metropolitan area networks.

A MAN has a decent size and good security and provides the perfect foundation for a larger network. It’s efficient, cost-effective, and relatively easy to work with.

As far as the drawbacks go, you should know that setting up the network can be complex and require the help of professional technicians. Plus, a MAN can suffer from slower speed, especially during peak hours.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

If you want to connect your technology devices and know nobody else will be using your network, a PAN is the way to go. This network is smaller than a LAN and can interconnect devices in your proximity (the average range is about 33 feet).

A PAN is simple to install and use and doesn’t have components that can take up extra space. Plus, the network is convenient, as you can move it around without losing connection. Some drawbacks are the limited range and slower data transfer.

These days, you encounter PANs on a daily basis: smartphones, gaming consoles, wireless keyboards, and TV remotes are well-known examples.

Network Topologies

Network topologies represent ways in which elements of a computer network are arranged and related to each other. Here are the five basic types:

• Bus topology – In this case, all network devices and computers connect to only one cable.
• Star topology – Here, all eyes are on the hub, as that is where all devices “meet.” In this topology, you don’t have a direct connection between the devices; the hub acts as a mediator.
• Ring topology – Device connections create a ring; the last device is connected to the first, thus forming a circle.
• Mesh topology – In this topology, all devices belonging to a network are interconnected, making data sharing a breeze.
• Hybrid topology – As you can assume, this is a mix of two or more topologies.

Network Protocols

Network protocols determine how a device connected to a network communicates and exchanges information. There are the five most common types:

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – A communication protocol that interconnects devices to a network and lets them send/receive data.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – This application layer protocol transfers hypertext and lets users communicate data across the World Wide Web (www).
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – It’s used for transferring files (documents, multimedia, texts, programs, etc.)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – It transmits electronic mails (e-mails).
• Domain Name System (DNS) – It converts domain names to IP addresses through which computers and devices are identified on a network.

Network Security

Computer networks are often used to transfer and share sensitive data. Without adequate network security, this data could end up in the wrong hands, not to mention that numerous threats could jeopardize the network’s health.

Here are the types of threats you should be on the lookout for:

• Viruses and malware – These can make your network “sick.” When they penetrate a system, viruses and malware replicate themselves, eliminating the “good” code.
• Unauthorized access – These are guests who want to come into your house, but you don’t want to let them in.
• Denial of service attacks – These dangerous attacks have only one goal: making the network inaccessible to the users (you). If you’re running a business, these attacks will also prevent your customers from accessing the website, which can harm your company’s reputation and revenue.

What can you do to keep your network safe? These are the best security measures:

• Firewalls – A firewall acts as your network’s surveillance system. It uses specific security rules as guidelines for monitoring the traffic and spotting untrusted networks.
• Intrusion detection systems – These systems also monitor your network and report suspicious activity to the administrator or collect the information centrally.
• Encryption – This is the process of converting regular text to ciphertext. Such text is virtually unusable to everyone except authorized personnel who have the key to access the original data.
• Virtual private networks (VPNs) – These networks are like magical portals that guarantee safe and private connections thanks to encrypted tunnels. They mask your IP address, meaning nobody can tell your real location.
• Regular updates and patches – These add top-notch security features to your network and remove outdated features at the same time. By not updating your network, you make it more vulnerable to threats.

Reap the Benefits of Computer Networks

Whether you need a network for a few personal devices or want to connect with hundreds of employees and suppliers, computer networks have many uses and benefits. They take data sharing, efficiency, and accessibility to a new level.

If you want your computer network to function flawlessly, you need to take good care of it, no matter its size. This means staying in the loop about the latest industry trends. We can expect to see more AI in computer networking, as it will only make them even more beneficial.

Data is the heartbeat of the digital realm. And when something is so important, you want to ensure you deal with it properly. That’s where data structures come into play.

But what is data structure exactly?

In the simplest terms, a data structure is a way of organizing data on a computing machine so that you can access and update it as quickly and efficiently as possible. For those looking for a more detailed data structure definition, we must add processing, retrieving, and storing data to the purposes of this specialized format.

With this in mind, the importance of data structures becomes quite clear. Neither humans nor machines could access or use digital data without these structures.

But using data structures isn’t enough on its own. You must also use the right data structure for your needs.

This article will guide you through the most common types of data structures, explain the relationship between data structures and algorithms, and showcase some real-world applications of these structures.

Armed with this invaluable knowledge, choosing the right data structure will be a breeze.

Types of Data Structures

Like data, data structures have specific characteristics, features, and applications. These are the factors that primarily dictate which data structure should be used in which scenario. Below are the most common types of data structures and their applications.

Primitive Data Structures

Take one look at the name of this data type, and its structure won’t surprise you. Primitive data structures are to data what cells are to a human body – building blocks. As such, they hold a single value and are typically built into programming languages. Whether you check data structures in C or data structures in Java, these are the types of data structures you’ll find.

• Integer (signed or unsigned) – Representing whole numbers
• Float (floating-point numbers) – Representing real numbers with decimal precision
• Character – Representing integer values as symbols
• Boolean – Storing true or false logical values

Non-Primitive Data Structures

Combine primitive data structures, and you get non-primitive data structures. These structures can be further divided into two types.

Linear Data Structures

As the name implies, a linear data structure arranges the data elements linearly (sequentially). In this structure, each element is attached to its predecessor and successor.

The most commonly used linear data structures (and their real-life applications) include the following:

• In arrays, multiple elements of the same type are stored together in the same location. As a result, they can all be processed relatively quickly. (library management systems, ticket booking systems, mobile phone contacts, etc.)
• Linked lists. With linked lists, elements aren’t stored at adjacent memory locations. Instead, the elements are linked with pointers indicating the next element in the sequence. (music playlists, social media feeds, etc.)
• These data structures follow the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) sequencing order. As a result, you can only enter or retrieve data from one stack end (browsing history, undo operations in word processors, etc.)
• Queues follow the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) sequencing order (website traffic, printer task scheduling, video queues, etc.)

Non-Linear Data Structures

A non-linear data structure also has a pretty self-explanatory name. The elements aren’t placed linearly. This also means you can’t traverse all of them in a single run.

• Trees are tree-like (no surprise there!) hierarchical data structures. These structures consist of nodes, each filled with specific data (routers in computer networks, database indexing, etc.)
• Combine vertices (or nodes) and edges, and you get a graph. These data structures are used to solve the most challenging programming problems (modeling, computation flow, etc.)

Advanced Data Structures

Venture beyond primitive data structures (building blocks for data structures) and basic non-primitive data structures (building blocks for more sophisticated applications), and you’ll reach advanced data structures.

• Hash tables. These advanced data structures use hash functions to store data associatively (through key-value pairs). Using the associated values, you can quickly access the desired data (dictionaries, browser searching, etc.)
• Heaps are specialized tree-like data structures that satisfy the heap property (every tree element is larger than its descendant.)
• Tries store strings that can be organized in a visual graph and retrieved when necessary (auto-complete function, spell checkers, etc.)

Algorithms for Data Structures

There is a common misconception that data structures and algorithms in Java and other programming languages are one and the same. In reality, algorithms are steps used to structure data and solve other problems. Check out our overview of some basic algorithms for data structures.

Searching Algorithms

Searching algorithms are used to locate specific elements within data structures. Whether you’re searching for specific data structures in C++ or another programming language, you can use two types of algorithms:

• Linear search: starts from one end and checks each sequential element until the desired element is located
• Binary search: looks for the desired element in the middle of a sorted list of items (If the elements aren’t sorted, you must do that before a binary search.)

Sorting Algorithms

Whenever you need to arrange elements in a specific order, you’ll need sorting algorithms.

• Bubble sort: Compares two adjacent elements and swaps them if they’re in the wrong order
• Selection sort: Sorts lists by identifying the smallest element and placing it at the beginning of the unsorted list
• Insertion sort: Inserts the unsorted element in the correct position straight away
• Merge sort: Divides unsorted lists into smaller sections and orders each separately (the so-called divide-and-conquer principle)
• Quick sort: Also relies on the divide-and-conquer principle but employs a pivot element to partition the list (elements smaller than the pivot element go back, while larger ones are kept on the right)

Tree Traversal Algorithms

To traverse a tree means to visit its every node. Since trees aren’t linear data structures, there’s more than one way to traverse them.

• Pre-order traversal: Visits the root node first (the topmost node in a tree), followed by the left and finally the right subtree
• In-order traversal: Starts with the left subtree, moves to the root node, and ends with the right subtree
• Post-order traversal: Visits the nodes in the following order: left subtree, right subtree, the root node

Graph Traversal Algorithms

Graph traversal algorithms traverse all the vertices (or nodes) and edges in a graph. You can choose between two:

• Depth-first search – Focuses on visiting all the vertices or nodes of a graph data structure located one above the other
• Breadth-first search – Traverses the adjacent nodes of a graph before moving outwards

Applications of Data Structures

Data structures are critical for managing data. So, no wonder their extensive list of applications keeps growing virtually every day. Check out some of the most popular applications data structures have nowadays.

Data Organization and Storage

With this application, data structures return to their roots: they’re used to arrange and store data most efficiently.

Database Management Systems

Database management systems are software programs used to define, store, manipulate, and protect data in a single location. These systems have several components, each relying on data structures to handle records to some extent.

Let’s take a library management system as an example. Data structures are used every step of the way, from indexing books (based on the author’s name, the book’s title, genre, etc.) to storing e-books.

File Systems

File systems use specific data structures to represent information, allocate it to the memory, and manage it afterward.

Data Retrieval and Processing

With data structures, data isn’t stored and then forgotten. It can also be retrieved and processed as necessary.

Search Engines

Search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.) are arguably the most widely used applications of data structures. Thanks to structures like tries and hash tables, search engines can successfully index web pages and retrieve the information internet users seek.

Data Compression

Data compression aims to accurately represent data using the smallest storage amount possible. But without data structures, there wouldn’t be data compression algorithms.

Data Encryption

Data encryption is crucial for preserving data confidentiality. And do you know what’s crucial for supporting cryptography algorithms? That’s right, data structures. Once the data is encrypted, data structures like hash tables also aid with value key storage.

Problem Solving and Optimization

At their core, data structures are designed for optimizing data and solving specific problems (both simple and complex). Throw their composition into the mix, and you’ll understand why these structures have been embraced by fields that heavily rely on mathematics and algorithms for problem-solving.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is all about data. For machines to be able to use this data, it must be properly stored and organized. Enter data structures.

Arrays, linked lists, queues, graphs, and stacks are just some structures used to store data for AI purposes.

Machine Learning

Data structures used for machine learning (MI) are pretty similar to other computer science fields, including AI. In machine learning, data structures (both linear and non-linear) are used to solve complex mathematical problems, manipulate data, and implement ML models.

Network Routing

Network routing refers to establishing paths through one or more internet networks. Various routing algorithms are used for this purpose and most heavily rely on data structures to find the best patch for the incoming data packet.

Data Structures: The Backbone of Efficiency

Data structures are critical in our data-driven world. They allow straightforward data representation, access, and manipulation, even in giant databases. For this reason, learning about data structures and algorithms further can open up a world of possibilities for a career in data science and related fields.

You may have heard the catchy phrase “data is the new oil” floating around. The implication is that data in the 21st century is what oil was in the 20th – the biggest industry around. And it’s true, as the sheer amount of data each person generates when they use the web, try out an app, or even buy from a store is digital “oil” for the companies collecting that data.

It’s also the fuel that powers the current (and growing) wave of artificial intelligence (AI) tools emerging in the market. From ChatGPT to the wave of text-to-speech tech flooding the market, everything hinges on information, and people who can harness that data through algorithms and machine learning practices are in high demand.

That’s where you can come in. By taking a Master’s degree in artificial intelligence online, you position yourself as one of the people who can help the new “digital oil” barons capitalize on their finds.

Factors to Consider When Choosing an Online AI Master’s Program

When choosing an artificial intelligence online Master’s, you have to consider more than the simple accessibility the course offers. These factors help you to weed out the also-ran programs from the ones that help you to advance your career:

• Accreditation – Checks for accreditation come in two flavors. First, you need to check the program provider’s credentials to ensure the degree you get from your studies is worth the paper on which it’s printed. Second, you have to confirm the accreditation you receive is something that employers actually want to see.
• Curriculum – What does your artificial intelligence online Master degree actually teach you? Answer that question and you can determine if the program serves the career goals you’ve set for yourself.
• Faculty Expertise – On the ground level, you want tutors with plenty of teaching experience and their own degrees in AI-related subjects. But dig beyond that to also discover if they have direct experience working with AI in industry.
• Program Format – A self-study artificial intelligence Master’s program’s online nature means they offer some degree of flexibility. But the course format plays a role in your decision, given that some rely solely on self-learning whereas others include examinations and live remote lectures.
• Tuition and Financial Aid – A Master’s degree costs quite a bit depending on area (prices range from €1,000 to €20,000 per year), so you need to be in the appropriate financial position. Many universities offer financial aid, such as scholarships, grants, and payment programs, that may help here.
• Career Support – You’re likely not studying for Master of artificial intelligence online for the joy of having a piece of paper on your wall. You want to build a career. Look for institutions that have strong alumni networks, connections within industry, and dedicated careers offices or services.

Top Online AI Master’s Programs Ranked

In choosing the best Master’s in artificial intelligence online programs, we looked at the above factors in addition to the key features of each program. That examination results in three online courses, each offering something a little different, that give you a solid grounding in AI.

Master in Applied Data Science & AI (OPIT)

Flexibility is the name of the game with OPIT’s program, as it’s fully remote and you get a choice between an 18-month course and a fast-tracked 12-month variant. The latter contains the same content as the former, with the student simply dedicating themselves to more intensive course requirements.

The program comes from an online institution that is accredited under both the Malta Qualification Framework and European Qualification Framework. As for the course itself, it’s the focus on real-life challenges in data science and AI that makes it so attractive. You don’t just learn theory. You discover how to apply that theory to the practical problems you’ll face when you enter the workforce.

OPIT has an admissions team who’ll guide you through getting onto the course, though you’ll need a BSc degree (in any field) and the equivalent of B2-level English proficiency to apply. If English isn’t your strong suit, OPIT also offers an in-house certification that you can take to get on the course. Financial aid is available through scholarships and funding, which you may need given that the program can cost up to €6,500, though discounts are available for those who apply early.

Master in Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Disruptive Technologies (Digital Age University)

If data is the new oil, Digital Age University’s program teaches you how to harness that oil and pump it in a way that makes you an attractive proposition for any employer. Key areas of study include the concept and utilization of Big Data (data analytics plays a huge role here), as well as the Python programming skills needed to create AI tools. You’ll learn more about machine learning models and get to grips with how AI is the big disruptor in modern business.

Tuition costs are reasonable, too, with this one-year course only costing €2,600. Digital Age University runs a tuition installment plan that lets you spread your costs out without worrying about being charged interest. Plus, your previous credentials may put you in line for a grant or scholarship that covers at least part of the cost. All first-year students are eligible for the 10% merit-based scholarship again, dependent on prior education). There’s also a 20% Global Scholarship available to students from Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin American countries.

Speaking of credentials, you can showcase yours via the online application process or by scheduling a one-on-one call with one of the institution’s professors. The latter option is great if you’re conducting research and want to get a taste of what the faculty has to offer.

Master in Artificial Intelligence (Three Points Digital Business School)

Three Points Digital Business School sets its stall out early by pointing out that 83% of companies say they’ll create new jobs due to AI in the coming years. That’s its way of telling you that its business-focused AI course is the right choice for getting one of those jobs. After teaching the fundamentals of AI, the course moves into showing you how to create AI and machine learning models and, crucially, how to apply those models in practical settings. By the end, you’ll know how to program chatbots, virtual assistants, and similar AI-driven tools.

It’s the most expensive program on this list, clocking in at €7,500 for a one-year course that delivers 60 ECTS credits. However, it’s a course targeted at mature students (half of the current students are 40 years old), and it’s very much career-minded. That’s exemplified by Three Points’ annual ThinkDigital Summit, which puts some of the leading minds in AI and digital innovation in front of students.

Admission is tougher than for many other Master’s in artificial intelligence online programs as you go through an interview process in addition to submitting qualifications. Every candidate is manually assessed via committee, with your experience and business know-how playing as much of a role as any technical qualifications you have.

Tips for Success in an Online AI Master’s Program

Let’s assume you’ve successfully applied to an artificial intelligence online Master’s program. That’s the first step in a long, often complex, journey. Here are some tips to keep in mind and set up for the future:

• Manage your time properly by scheduling your study, especially given that online courses rely on students having the discipline needed for self-learning.
• Build relationships with faculty and peers who may be able to connect you to job opportunities or have ideas for starting their own businesses.
• Stay up-to-date on what’s happening with AI because this high-paced industry can leave people who assume what they know is enough behind.
• Pursue real-world experience wherever you can, both through the practical assessments a program offers and internship programs that you can add to your CV.

Career Opportunities With a Master’s in Artificial Intelligence

You need to know what sorts of roles are available on the digital “oil rigs” of today and the future. Those who have an artificial intelligence online Master degree take roles as varied as data analyst, software engineer, data scientist, and research scientist.

Better yet, those roles are spread across almost all industries. Grand View Research tells us that we can expect the AI market to enjoy a 37.3% compound annual growth rate between 2023 and 2030, with that growth making AI-based roles available on a near-constant basis. Salary expectations are likely to increase along with that growth, with the current average of around €91,000 for an artificial intelligence engineer (figures based on Germany’s job market) likely to be a baseline for future growth.

Find the Right Artificial Intelligence Master’s Programs Online

We’ve highlighted three online Master’s programs with a focus on AI in this article, each offering something different. OPIT’s course leans heavily into data science, giving you a specialization to go along with the foundational knowledge you’ll gain. Digital Age University’s program places more of a focus on Big Data, with Three Points Digital Business School living up to its name by taking a more business-oriented approach.

Whatever program you choose (and it could be one other than the three listed here), you must research the course based on the factors like credentials, course content, and quality of the faculty. Put plenty of time into this research process and you’re sure to find a program that aligns with your goals.

Machines that can learn on their own have been a sci-fi dream for decades. Lately, that dream seems to be coming true thanks to advances in AI, machine learning, deep learning, and other cutting-edge technologies.

Have you used Google’s search engine recently or admired the capabilities of ChatGPT? That means you’ve seen machine learning in action. Besides those renowned apps, the technology is widespread across many industries, so much so that machine learning experts are in increasingly high demand worldwide.

Chances are there’s never been a better time to get involved in the IT industry than today. This is especially true if you enter the market as a machine learning specialist. Fortunately, getting proficient in this field no longer requires enlisting in a college – now you can finish a Master in machine learning online.

Let’s look at the best online Masters in machine learning and data science that you can start from the comfort of your home.

Top MSc Programs in Machine Learning Online

Finding the best MSc machine learning online programs required us to apply certain strict criteria in the search process. The following is a list of programs that passed our research with flying colors. But first, here’s what we looked for in machine learning MSc courses.

Our Criteria

The criteria we applied include:

• The quality and reputation of the institution providing the course
• International degree recognition
• Program structure and curriculum
• Duration
• Pricing

Luckily, numerous world-class universities and organizations have a machine learning MSc online. Their degrees are accepted around the world, and their curricula count among the finest in the market. Take a look at our selection.

Imperial College London – Machine Learning and Data Science

The Machine Learning and Data Science postgraduate program from the Imperial College in London provides comprehensive courses on models applicable to real-life scenarios. The program features hands-on projects and lessons in deep learning, data processing, analytics, and machine learning ethics.

The complete program is online-based and relies mostly on independent study. The curriculum consists of 13 modules. With a part-time commitment, this program will last for two years. The fee is the same for domestic and overseas students: £16,200

European School of Data Science & Technology – MSc Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

If you need a Master’s program that combines the best of AI and machine learning, the European School of Data Science & Technology has an excellent offer. The MSc Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning program provides a sound foundation of the essential concepts in both disciplines.

During the courses, you’ll examine the details of reinforcement learning, search algorithms, optimization, clustering, and more. You’ll also get the opportunity to work with machine learning in the R language environment.

The program lasts for 18 months and is entirely online. Applicants must cover a registration fee of €1500 plus monthly fees of €490.

European University Cyprus – Artificial Intelligence Master

The European University in Cyprus is an award-winning institution that excels in student services and engagement, as well as online learning. The Artificial Intelligence Master program from this university treats artificial intelligence in a broader sense. However, machine learning is a considerable part of the curriculum, being taught alongside NLP, robotics, and big data.

The official site of the European University Cyprus states the price for all computer science Master’s degrees at €8,460. However, it’s worth noting that there’s a program for financial support and scholarships. The duration of the program is 18 months, after which you’ll get an MSc in artificial intelligence.

Udacity – Computer Vision Nanodegree

Udacity has profiled itself as a leading learning platform. Its Nanodegree programs provide detailed knowledge on numerous subjects, such as this Computer Vision Nanodegree. The course isn’t a genuine MSc program, but it offers specialization for a specific field of machine learning that may serve for career advancement.

This program includes lessons on the essentials of image processing and computer vision, deep learning, object tracking, and advanced computer vision applications. As with other Udacity courses, learners will enjoy support in real-time as well as career-specific services for professional development after finishing the course.

This Nanodegree has a flexible schedule, allowing you to set a personalized learning pace. The course lasts for three months and has a fee of €944. Scholarship options are also available for this program, and there are no limitations in terms of applying for the course or starting the program.

Lebanese American University – MS in Applied Artificial Intelligence

Lebanese American University curates the MS in Applied Artificial Intelligence study program, led by experienced faculty members. The course is completely online and focuses on practical applications of AI programming, machine learning, data learning, and data science. During the program, learners will have the opportunity to try out AI solutions for real-life issues.

This MS program has a duration of two years. During that time, you can take eight core courses and 10 elective courses, including subjects like Healthcare Analytics, Big Data Analytics, and AI for Biomedical Informatics.

The price of this program is €6,961 per year. It’s worth noting that there’s a set application deadline and starting date for the course. The first upcoming application date is in July, with the program starting in September.

Data Science Degrees: A Complementary Path

Machine learning can be viewed as a subcategory of data science. While the former focuses on methods of supervised and unsupervised AI learning, the latter is a broad field of research. Data science deals with everything from programming languages to AI development and robotics.

Naturally, there’s a considerable correlation between machine learning and data science. In fact, getting familiar with the principles of data science can be quite helpful when studying machine learning. That’s why we compiled a list of degree programs for data science that will complement your machine learning education perfectly.

Top Online Data Science Degree Programs

Purdue Global – Online Bachelor of Science Degree in Analytics

Data analytics represents one of the essential facets of data science. The Online Bachelor of Science Degree in Analytics program is an excellent choice to get familiar with data science skills. To that end, the program may complement your machine learning knowledge or serve as a starting point for a more focused pursuit of data science.

The curriculum includes nine different paths of professional specialization. Some of those concentrations include cloud computing, network administration, game development, and software development in various programming languages.

Studying full-time, you should be able to complete the program within four years. Each course has a limited term of 10 weeks. The program in total requires 180 credits, and the price of one credit is $371 or its equivalent in euros.

Berlin School of Business and Innovation – MSc Data Analytics

MSc Data Analytics is a postgraduate program from the Berlin School of Business and Innovation (BSBI). As an MSc curriculum, the program is relatively complex and demanding, but will be more than worthwhile for anyone wanting to gain a firm grasp of data analytics.

This is a traditional on-campus course that also has an online variant. The program focuses on data analysis and extraction and predictive modeling. While it could serve as a complementary degree to machine learning, it’s worth noting that this course may be the most useful for those pursuing a multidisciplinary approach.

This MSc course lasts for 18 months. Pricing differs between EU and non-EU students, with the former paying €8,000 and the latter €12,600.

Imperial College London – Machine Learning and Data Science

It’s apparent from the very name that this Imperial College London program represents an ideal mix. Machine Learning and Data Science combines the two disciplines, providing a thorough insight into their fundamentals and applications.

The two-year program is tailored for part-time learners. It consists of core modules like Programming for Data Science, Ethics in Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Applicable Mathematics.

This British-based program costs £16,200 yearly, both for domestic and overseas students. Some of the methods include lectures, tutorials, exercises, and reading materials.

Thriving Career Opportunities With a Masters in Machine Learning Online

Jobs in machine learning require proper education. The chances of becoming a professional in the field without mastering the subject are small – the industry needs experts.

A Master’s degree in machine learning can open exciting and lucrative career paths. Some of the best careers in the field include:

• Data scientist
• Machine learning engineer
• Business intelligence developer
• NLP scientist
• Software engineer
• Machine learning designer
• Computational linguist
• Software developer

These professions pay quite well across the EU market. The median annual salary for a machine learning specialist is about €70,000 in Germany, €68,000 in the Netherlands, €46,000 in France, and €36,000 in Italy.

On the higher end, salaries in these countries can reach €98,000, €113,000, €72,000, and €65,000, respectively. To reach these more exclusive salaries, you’ll need to have a quality education in the field and a level of experience.

Become Proficient in Machine Learning Skills

Getting a Master’s degree in machine learning online is convenient, easily accessible, and represents a significant career milestone. With the pace at which the industry is growing today, it would be a wise choice.

Since the best programs offer a thorough education, great references, and a chance for networking, there’s no reason not to check out the courses on offer. Ideally, getting the degree could mark the start of a successful career in machine learning.

Take a sprinkling of math, add some statistical analysis, and coat with the advanced programming and analytics that enables people to pore through enormous batches of data and you have the recipe for a data scientist.

These professionals (and their data-based talents) are sought after in industries of all shapes and sizes. Every sector from healthcare, finance, and retail to communications and even the government can make use of the skills of data scientists to advance. That’s great news if you’re considering completing your Master’s degree in the subject, as your degree is the key that can unlock the door to a comfortable five-figure salary.

Here, we look at the Master’s in data science salary and explain what you can do to maximize your potential.

Masters in Data Science: An Overview

As a postgraduate degree course, a Masters in data science builds on some of the core skills you’ll learn in a computer science or information technology degree. Think of it as a specialization. You’ll expand on the programming and analytical skills you’ve already developed to learn how to extract actionable insights from massive datasets. In the world of Big Data (where companies generate more data than at any other point in history), those skills are more important than ever.

Speaking of skills, you’ll develop or hone the following when studying for your Master’s in data science:

• Data Analysis – The ability to analyze data (i.e., interpret what seemingly random datasets tell you) is one of the first skills you’ll pick up in your degree.
• Data Visualization – Where your analysis helps you to see what you’re looking at, data visualization is all about representing that data visually so that others see what you see.
• AI and Machine Learning – The nascent technologies involved in the artificial intelligence sector revolve around data, in addition to many modern AI technologies being helpful for analyzing data. You’ll learn both sides, developing the skills to both create and use AI.
• Software Engineering and Programming – Don’t assume the programming skills you have from your previous degree will go to waste, as you’ll need them for a data science Master’s. You’ll use plenty of new tools, in addition to picking up more skills in languages like Python, SQL, and R.
• Soft Skills – A Master’s in data science isn’t all technical. You’ll develop some soft skills that prove useful in the workplace, such as communication, basic teamwork, and management. Most data science courses also teach ethics so you can get to grips with the idea of doing the right thing with data.

The Top Universities for a Data Science Masters

According to the university rating website Collegedunia, there are more than 60 leading data sciences universities in the United States alone, each offering both Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in the subject. It ranks the following as the top five institutions for getting your Master’s in data science:

• MIT – As the top data science university in the world (according to the QS Global Rankings), MIT is the first choice for any prospective student.
• Harvard University – The “Harvard” name carries weight regardless of the course you choose. Data scientists have their pick of a standard Master’s in data science or a course dedicated to health data science.
• Columbia University – Those who want to fast-track their studies may find that the intensive one-year data science Master’s that Columbia offers is a better choice than traditional two-year courses.
• John Hopkins University – Though it’s best known as one of America’s best medical schools, John Hopkins also has a strong data science department. It may be a great choice for those who want to use their data science skills to get into the medical field.
• Northwestern University – Ranking at 30 in the QS Global Rankings, Northwestern offers Master’s degrees in both data science and analytics, with the latter expanding on one of the core skills needed for data science.

Masters in Data Science Salary Potential

As great as the skills you’ll get will be, you want to know more about the Master’s in data science salary you can expect to earn.

The good news is that a strong salary isn’t just possible. It’s likely. According to Indeed, the average salary for a data scientist is £49,749 in the UK. Cult.Honeypot has interesting figures for Europe as a whole, noting that the average data scientist on the continent earns €60,815, which matches up well to general salary expectations of €60,000. You can also expect a position in this field to come with numerous benefits, including medical insurance (where relevant) and flexible working conditions.

Of course, there are several factors that influence your specific earning power:

• Geographic location
• The specific industry in which you work
• Your experience level
• The size of the company for which you work

For example, a brand-new graduate who takes a position at a start-up in a non-tech industry may find that they earn at the lower end of the scale, though they’ll develop experience that could serve them well later on.

Data scientists also tend to have higher salary prospects than those in comparable fields. For example, more data from Indeed shows us that data scientists in the UK earn more, on average, than software engineers (£49,409), computer scientists (£45,245), and computer engineers (£24,780). Furthermore, a Master’s in data science is wide-ranging enough that it’ll give you many of the skills you need for the above industries, assuming you’d want a career change or discover that data science isn’t for you.

Benefits of a Masters in Data Science for Earning Power

It’s clear that the Master’s in data science salary potential is strong, with mid-five-figure salaries being the standard (rather than the exception) for the industry. But there are benefits beyond potential earnings that make the Master’s course a good one to take.

More Job Opportunities

Data science is everywhere in modern industry because every company produces data. You can apply your skills in industries like healthcare, manufacturing, and retail, meaning you have plenty of job opportunities. The research backs this statement up, too, with figures from Polaris Market Research suggesting a 27.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the data science industry between 2022 and 2030.

Greater Job Security

The encroachment of AI into almost every aspect of our lives has many people worried about job security. Some even speculate that machines will take over many roles in the coming years. Data scientists don’t have to worry about that. Not only will you use AI to advance your research, but you may also be responsible for further developments in the AI and machine learning fields. All of which will make you crucial to the continuation of the AI trend.

Opportunities for Career Advancement

The salary figure quoted above (average salary of €60,815) is for a fairly standard data science role. Opportunities for career advancement exist, whether that be simply moving into a more senior position in a company or taking control of a team, thus adding management to your skill set. Those who prefer conducting research will also find that many universities and large companies have teams dedicated to using data science to create social and commercial change.

Tips for Maximizing Earnings With a Masters in Data Science

With the Master’s in data science salary potential already being attractive enough (six figures is a great start), you may not worry too much about maximizing your earning potential at the start of your career. But as you get deeper into your working life, the following tips will help you get more money in return for the skills you bring to the table.

1 – Choose the Right University and Program

Universities aren’t built equally, with some carrying more weight than others. For example, a data science Master’s degree from MIT holds huge weight because it’s one of America’s top universities for the subject. Employers know what the school is about, understand that those who study there undergo superb training, and will thus be more willing to both hire and offer more money to its graduates. The point is that where you go (and what you study in your course) influences how employers see you, which also influences your earning potential.

2 – Gain Relevant Work Experience

As with any career path, what you learn along the path is as valuable as the skills you pick up when studying. You can get a head start on other data science graduates if you take on internships or get involved in research projects while studying, giving you some work experience to add to your resume that could lead to higher initial salary offers.

3 – Leverage Networking and Connections

Meeting the right people at the right times can do wonders for your career. Studying for a Master’s in data science exposes you to professors (and even people who work in the industry) who can put you in touch with people who offer roles in the industry. Continuous building on these connections, from staying active in the industry to leveraging social media, offers more opportunities for advancement.

4 – Stay Up-to-Date With Industry Trends

Data science is a fast-moving sector, with constant advancements occurring at both the high level (the evolution of AI) and in terms of how we use data science in different industries. Keeping on top of these advancements means you stay “in the know” and can see potential career paths branching out before you.

5 – Pursue Additional Qualifications

Keeping with the theme of staying up-to-date, how you build on your skills via continuing education can influence your salary potential. A Master’s degree in data science is impressive. But a degree supplemented by specialized certifications, proof of bootcamp completion, and any other accolades puts you ahead of the pack of other graduates.

Turn Your Master’s in Data Science Into a Great Career

In addition to opening you up to an exciting career in a field that’s undergoing tremendous growth, a Master’s in data science comes with mid-five-figure salary potential. You can boost your Master’s in data science salary expectations through networking, specialization, and simply staying up-to-date with what’s happening in the industry.

Granted, there are time and monetary commitments involved. You usually dedicate two years of your life to getting your degree (though some universities offer one-year data science Master’s courses) and you’ll pay a five-figure sum for your education. But the benefits on the backend of that commitment are so vast that a Master’s in data science may be the key to unlocking huge earnings in the data industry.