Data is a company’s most valuable asset. So, doing everything in your power to protect that asset is a given. But what if the threat you’re guarding your data against is known to cripple operations, tarnish reputations, and drain finances? And even worse, what if that threat is only getting more dangerous, thanks to a little thing called artificial intelligence (AI)?

Unfortunately, for many businesses, there’s nothing “what if” about this scenario. As many as 72% of businesses worldwide have experienced a ransomware attack at some point and know just how devastating the aftermath can be.

That’s why we tapped two cybersecurity experts to share their insights on ransomware, its evolution, and how businesses can protect themselves. Read on to hear what Tom Vazdar, the chair of the Enterprise Cybersecurity Master’s program at the Open Institute of Technology (OPIT), and Venicia Solomons, a seasoned cybersecurity architect, have to say on this topic in their “Cyber Threat Landscape 2024: Navigating New Risks” master class.

Ransomware: The Basics

Ransomware is nothing new. However, there are always new business owners who (luckily) haven’t encountered it yet. So, let’s cover the basics first.

Ransomware is a natural product of phishing, a human-centric cyber threat that relies on social engineering to deceive individuals into providing sensitive information or downloading malicious attachments. The latter is what ultimately triggers a ransomware infection. Tom describes the process like this:

You click on a malicious link.

Your device downloads the malware.

Your system is now infected, and somebody else is essentially in charge.

They encrypt your data and demand you pay ransom for the encryption key to get it back.

As mentioned, dealing with ransomware attacks and cyber criminals has become a daily reality for companies worldwide. What certainly doesn’t help companies is the fact that ransomware is now also offered as a service.

Ransomware as a Service

Just a few short years ago, cybercriminals needed sophisticated technical skills and tools to develop and deploy ransomware. Now, all they need is access to the dark web.

As Tom explains it, numerous cyber criminals on the dark web offer ransomware as a service, a malicious adaptation of the software as a service (SaaS) business model. So, you essentially pay them to deploy their ransomware on your behalf.

The most famous, or should we say infamous, among these threats is the LockBit model, which has wreaked havoc on thousands of companies worldwide. The issue is that LockBit ransomware attacks vary in tactics, techniques, and procedures. In other words, an organization must be prepared for virtually anything.

How Has AI Affected Ransomware?

Ransomware is dangerous on its own. But throw artificial intelligence into the mix, and you’ve got a massive threat on your hands.

AI has undoubtedly revolutionized the cybersecurity industry, for better or for worse. The “worse” part is that AI is making cyber threats smarter. Unfortunately, for organizations, this particularly applies to ransomware. According to a 2024 report by the U.K.’s top intelligence agency, ransomware stands to gain the most from AI.

How so?

Well, AI has the potential to create malware that circumvents current cybersecurity detection measures. After all, AI is trained using data. Give it malware data to analyze, and it will learn how to evade detection by traditional cybersecurity tools.

AI will also likely generate a surge of new cybercriminals as the barrier to entering into cybercrime decreases with AI-powered tools.

Of course, the more capable and experienced attackers will also benefit from AI. They will use it to identify system vulnerabilities, bypass security defenses, and craft more precise social engineering attacks.

How to Prevent Ransomware Attacks

Given how quickly ransomware is evolving, preventing attacks requires a multi-faceted approach that combines technology, education, and proactive measures. Tom and Venicia break down this approach.

1. Keep Your Systems Updated

When it comes to anything cybersecurity-related, this is the first crucial step. Keep all your systems and programs updated and patched if you want to stand any chance of protecting against known vulnerabilities.

Tom says that there’s a new vulnerability “basically each week,” so having a process in place to update regularly and patch systems is essential.

Venicia adds that something as simple as a basic software update can go a long way toward protecting your data from ransomware. This update will limit its ability to spread through your network, thus reducing the impact of the attack.

2. Invest in Quality Training

Having the most advanced protection systems in place will do you no good if you don’t have well-trained employees.

These employees must learn to recognize potential cyberattacks that could introduce malware into your organization’s system (e.g., phishing emails). Of course, the next step is to respond effectively to the attack. Though each organization has its own set of rules in place, the proper response typically involves disconnecting from the network and contacting IT support.

3. Implement Defensive Systems

Humans are undoubtedly the first line of defense against cyber threats. However, they can’t do it alone. That’s why implementing advanced Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions is crucial. Tom explains that these systems will help you identify and, more importantly, mitigate a threat on time.

However, he also adds that you must restrict user permissions within the system. This way, even if a single component is compromised, the ransomware won’t take down the entire network.

4. Implement Network Segmentation

As you can see, a huge part of mitigating ransomware attacks is ensuring they don’t affect the entire network. That’s where network segmentation can also help.

As Tom explains, with network segmentation, the malicious actor in control of your network won’t be able to do “lateral movements.” In other words, even if they do manage to penetrate your network, they won’t be able to spread within it.

So, network segmentation is a critical part of the multi-layer approach every organization should adopt when it comes to cybersecurity.

5. Collaborate With Others

Remember – you aren’t the only one experiencing cyberattacks. In Venicia’s words, “ransomware has a global impact.”

That’s why organizations in the private sector are constantly encouraged to “talk to each other,” as Tom puts it. Of course, there’s always the issue of confidentiality, but Tom explains that this, too, can be resolved with a “closed circle of trust.”

Also, organizations in the private and public sectors are encouraged to share relevant information with institutions such as the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC).

In Europe, there’s also something called The No More Ransom Project. This Europol initiative has existed for years, hosting decryption keys for different types of ransomware. It has helped numerous individuals and organizations decrypt their systems and avoid paying the ransom.

Of course, this won’t always be possible, as the attackers typically keep changing the encryption keys. However, anything that helps organizations avoid paying the ransom is worth trying.

Why?

Because paying the ransom often won’t solve any problems.

As Tom explains it, you’re dealing with criminals, after all. So, they will often double the ransom after you pay the initial amount, having realized that you have the money. Or, they’ll simply take the money and run without giving you the decryption keys.

So, ongoing threat intelligence sharing should be among the top priorities for an organization, as it allows them to evade the last-resort scenario of paying the ransom.

6. Invest in Backups and Disaster Recovery

According to Venicia, backups and disaster recovery have a massive role to play in combating ransomware. She says that the primary reason organizations choose to pay the ransom is because they don’t have any backups in place. In other words, they don’t have an alternative way to get their data back.

That’s precisely what Tom has experienced working with many small and medium-sized businesses.

He says that these businesses usually don’t have disaster recovery procedures and data backups because they find them to be too expensive. Other times, they’ll say they didn’t have the time to deal with these measures. But whatever the excuse may be, one thing’s for sure – having no backups leaves you vulnerable to losing your data permanently in a ransomware attack.

According to Tom and Venicia, here’s what an ideal proactive approach to cybersecurity would look like.

Step No. 1 – Have regularly scheduled backups and ensure they’re stored in different environments, including offline ones. Tom suggests the 3-2-1 data backup strategy – have three copies of your data on two different mediums (e.g., hard drives and DVDs) with one copy off-site (a different physical location).

Step No. 2 – Regularly test your backups to see whether they’re able to handle different scenarios.

Step No. 3 – Implement a disaster recovery plan that outlines the steps for different types of incidents. Of course, these incidents shouldn’t only cover ransomware. Earthquakes, floods, and even meteor strikes should be considered in your plan. The last part might seem silly to you. In fact, it also sounded silly to Tom and his colleagues. That is, at least, until a meteor struck Russia in 2013. So, you never know!

The Importance of Cybersecurity Specialists

Most of the strategies for combating ransomware require one thing – a skilled cybersecurity specialist to execute them. This is also what most companies lack, which is why they easily fall victim to cyberattacks.

That’s why programs like the Enterprise Cybersecurity Master’s program at OPIT are essential for the future of cybersecurity. This program helps train the next generation of cybersecurity professionals to defend organizations against the so-called “Ransomware Armageddon” and any other cyber threat that might emerge.

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The Yuan: AI is childlike in its capabilities, so why do so many people fear it?
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
Nov 8, 2024 6 min read

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  • The Yuan, Published on October 25th, 2024.

By Zorina Alliata

Artificial intelligence is a classic example of a mismatch between perceptions and reality, as people tend to overlook its positive aspects and fear it far more than what is warranted by its actual capabilities, argues AI strategist and professor Zorina Alliata.

ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA – In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has grown and developed into something much bigger than most people could have ever expected. Jokes about robots living among humans no longer seem so harmless, and the average person began to develop a new awareness of AI and all its uses. Unfortunately, however – as is often a human tendency – people became hyper-fixated on the negative aspects of AI, often forgetting about all the good it can do. One should therefore take a step back and remember that humanity is still only in the very early stages of developing real intelligence outside of the human brain, and so at this point AI is almost like a small child that humans are raising.

AI is still developing, growing, and adapting, and like any new tech it has its drawbacks. At one point, people had fears and doubts about electricity, calculators, and mobile phones – but now these have become ubiquitous aspects of everyday life, and it is not difficult to imagine a future in which this is the case for AI as well.

The development of AI certainly comes with relevant and real concerns that must be addressed – such as its controversial role in education, the potential job losses it might lead to, and its bias and inaccuracies. For every fear, however, there is also a ray of hope, and that is largely thanks to people and their ingenuity.

Looking at education, many educators around the world are worried about recent developments in AI. The frequently discussed ChatGPT – which is now on its fourth version – is a major red flag for many, causing concerns around plagiarism and creating fears that it will lead to the end of writing as people know it. This is one of the main factors that has increased the pessimistic reporting about AI that one so often sees in the media.

However, when one actually considers ChatGPT in its current state, it is safe to say that these fears are probably overblown. Can ChatGPT really replace the human mind, which is capable of so much that AI cannot replicate? As for educators, instead of assuming that all their students will want to cheat, they should instead consider the options for taking advantage of new tech to enhance the learning experience. Most people now know the tell-tale signs for identifying something that ChatGPT has written. Excessive use of numbered lists, repetitive language and poor comparison skills are just three ways to tell if a piece of writing is legitimate or if a bot is behind it. This author personally encourages the use of AI in the classes I teach. This is because it is better for students to understand what AI can do and how to use it as a tool in their learning instead of avoiding and fearing it, or being discouraged from using it no matter the circumstances.

Educators should therefore reframe the idea of ChatGPT in their minds, have open discussions with students about its uses, and help them understand that it is actually just another tool to help them learn more efficiently – and not a replacement for their own thoughts and words. Such frank discussions help students develop their critical thinking skills and start understanding their own influence on ChatGPT and other AI-powered tools.

By developing one’s understanding of AI’s actual capabilities, one can begin to understand its uses in everyday life. Some would have people believe that this means countless jobs will inevitably become obsolete, but that is not entirely true. Even if AI does replace some jobs, it will still need industry experts to guide it, meaning that entirely new jobs are being created at the same time as some older jobs are disappearing.

Adapting to AI is a new challenge for most industries, and it is certainly daunting at times. The reality, however, is that AI is not here to steal people’s jobs. If anything, it will change the nature of some jobs and may even improve them by making human workers more efficient and productive. If AI is to be a truly useful tool, it will still need humans. One should remember that humans working alongside AI and using it as a tool is key, because in most cases AI cannot do the job of a person by itself.

Is AI biased?

Why should one view AI as a tool and not a replacement? The main reason is because AI itself is still learning, and AI-powered tools such as ChatGPT do not understand bias. As a result, whenever ChatGPT is asked a question it will pull information from anywhere, and so it can easily repeat old biases. AI is learning from previous data, much of which is biased or out of date. Data about home ownership and mortgages, e.g., are often biased because non-white people in the United States could not get a mortgage until after the 1960s. The effect on data due to this lending discrimination is only now being fully understood.

AI is certainly biased at times, but that stems from human bias. Again, this just reinforces the need for humans to be in control of AI. AI is like a young child in that it is still absorbing what is happening around it. People must therefore not fear it, but instead guide it in the right direction.

For AI to be used as a tool, it must be treated as such. If one wanted to build a house, one would not expect one’s tools to be able to do the job alone – and AI must be viewed through a similar lens. By acknowledging this aspect of AI and taking control of humans’ role in its development, the world would be better placed to reap the benefits and quash the fears associated with AI. One should therefore not assume that all the doom and gloom one reads about AI is exactly as it seems. Instead, people should try experimenting with it and learning from it, and maybe soon they will realize that it was the best thing that could have happened to humanity.

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The European Business Review: Adapting to the Digital Age: Teaching Blockchain and Cloud Computing
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
Nov 6, 2024 6 min read

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By Lokesh Vij

Lokesh Vij is a Professor of BSc in Modern Computer Science & MSc in Applied Data Science & AI at Open Institute of Technology. With over 20 years of experience in cloud computing infrastructure, cybersecurity and cloud development, Professor Vij is an expert in all things related to data and modern computer science.

In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, the fields of blockchain and cloud computing are transforming industries, from finance to healthcare, and creating new opportunities for innovation. Integrating these technologies into education is not merely a trend but a necessity to equip students with the skills they need to thrive in the future workforce. Though both technologies are independently powerful, their potential for innovation and disruption is amplified when combined. This article explores the pressing questions surrounding the inclusion of blockchain and cloud computing in education, providing a comprehensive overview of their significance, benefits, and challenges.

The Technological Edge and Future Outlook

Cloud computing has revolutionized how businesses and individuals’ access and manage data and applications. Benefits like scalability, cost efficiency (including eliminating capital expenditure – CapEx), rapid innovation, and experimentation enable businesses to develop and deploy new applications and services quickly without the constraints of traditional on-premises infrastructure – thanks to managed services where cloud providers manage the operating system, runtime, and middleware, allowing businesses to focus on development and innovation. According to Statista, the cloud computing market is projected to reach a significant size of Euro 250 billion or even higher by 2028 (from Euro 110 billion in 2024), with a substantial Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 22.78%. The widespread adoption of cloud computing by businesses of all sizes, coupled with the increasing demand for cloud-based services and applications, fuels the need for cloud computing professionals.

Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, has paved the way by providing a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof way to record transactions (highly resistant to hacking and fraud). In 2021, European blockchain startups raised $1.5 billion in funding, indicating strong interest and growth potential. Reports suggest the European blockchain market could reach $39 billion by 2026, with a significant CAGR of over 47%. This growth is fueled by increasing adoption in sectors like finance, supply chain, and healthcare.

Addressing the Skills Gap

Reports from the World Economic Forum indicate that 85 million jobs may be displaced by a shift in the division of labor between humans and machines by 2025. However, 97 million new roles may emerge that are more adapted to the new division of labor between humans, machines, and algorithms, many of which will require proficiency in cloud computing and blockchain.

Furthermore, the World Economic Forum predicts that by 2027, 10% of the global GDP will be tokenized and stored on the blockchain. This massive shift means a surge in demand for blockchain professionals across various industries. Consider the implications of 10% of the global GDP being on the blockchain: it translates to a massive need for people who can build, secure, and manage these systems. We’re talking about potentially millions of jobs worldwide.

The European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI), an EU initiative, aims to deploy cross-border blockchain services across Europe, focusing on areas like digital identity, trusted data sharing, and diploma management. The EU’s MiCA (Crypto-Asset Regulation) regulation, expected to be fully implemented by 2025, will provide a clear legal framework for crypto-assets, fostering innovation and investment in the blockchain space. The projected growth and supportive regulatory environment point to a rising demand for blockchain professionals in Europe. Developing skills related to EBSI and its applications could be highly advantageous, given its potential impact on public sector blockchain adoption. Understanding the MiCA regulation will be crucial for blockchain roles related to crypto-assets and decentralized finance (DeFi).

Furthermore, European businesses are rapidly adopting digital technologies, with cloud computing as a core component of this transformation. GDPR (Data Protection Regulations) and other data protection laws push businesses to adopt secure and compliant cloud solutions. Many European countries invest heavily in cloud infrastructure and promote cloud adoption across various sectors. Artificial intelligence and machine learning will be deeply integrated into cloud platforms, enabling smarter automation, advanced analytics, and more efficient operations. This allows developers to focus on building applications without managing servers, leading to faster development cycles and increased scalability. Processing data closer to the source (like on devices or local servers) will become crucial for applications requiring real-time responses, such as IoT and autonomous vehicles.

The projected growth indicates a strong and continuous demand for blockchain and cloud professionals in Europe and worldwide. As we stand at the “crossroads of infinity,” there is a significant skill shortage, which will likely increase with the rapid adoption of these technologies. A 2023 study by SoftwareOne found that 95% of businesses globally face a cloud skills gap. Specific skills in high demand include cloud security, cloud-native development, and expertise in leading cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. The European Commission’s Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) highlights a need for improved digital skills in areas like blockchain to support the EU’s digital transformation goals. A 2023 report by CasperLabs found that 90% of businesses in the US, UK, and China adopt blockchain, but knowledge gaps and interoperability challenges persist.

The Role of Educational Institutions

This surge in demand necessitates a corresponding increase in qualified individuals who can design, implement, and manage cloud-based and blockchain solutions. Educational institutions have a critical role to play in bridging this widening skills gap and ensuring a pipeline of talent ready to meet the demands of this burgeoning industry.

To effectively prepare the next generation of cloud computing and blockchain experts, educational institutions need to adopt a multi-pronged approach. This includes enhancing curricula with specialized programs, integrating cloud and blockchain concepts into existing courses, and providing hands-on experience with leading technology platforms.

Furthermore, investing in faculty development to ensure they possess up-to-date knowledge and expertise is crucial. Collaboration with industry partners through internships, co-teach programs, joint research projects, and mentorship programs can provide students with invaluable real-world experience and insights.

Beyond formal education, fostering a culture of lifelong learning is essential. Offering continuing education courses, boot camps, and online resources enables professionals to upskill or reskill and stay abreast of the latest advancements in cloud computing. Actively promoting awareness of career paths and opportunities in this field and facilitating connections with potential employers can empower students to thrive in the dynamic and evolving landscape of cloud computing and blockchain technologies.

By taking these steps, educational institutions can effectively prepare the young generation to fill the skills gap and thrive in the rapidly evolving world of cloud computing and blockchain.

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